The effectiveness evaluation of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment has gained considerable interest. These systems offer a promising solution to conventional treatment methods due to their high removal rate of various waste products. A range of factors, including filter pore size, system conditions, and biological

Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors demonstrate a versatile and efficient platform for diverse biotechnological applications. These cutting-edge systems leverage the properties of hollow fiber membranes to facilitate efficient mass transfer, cellular growth, and product synthesis. This comprehensive review delves into the basics of hollow fiber membr